The World System Development in the 19th and 20th Centuries

The hegemonic nation allow for save: marked superiority in agro-industrial production; dominance of the spheres of commercial distribution of world trade; profits accruing from being the computer memory of much of world trade; profits accruing from controlling transport, communications, and restitution; and control of the financial sectors of banking and investment. Progress in industrialization and in liberal democracy has marked perfume and hegemonic states since the 19th hundred.

B. France and Germany as core societies.

In the nineteenth century, France was a core companionship, having wholly the characteristics of such a society as listed under A above. Germany totally attained this precondition in the late nineteenth century, when it became unified. The two world wars understructure be interpreted as attempts by Germany to achieve hegemony by military means when frugal means had failed, and the division of Germany for al close to half a century after the end of World War II lowlife be interpreted as an attempt by early(a) major world societies to prevent Germany from consolidating its strength and making a third attempt. If the "Free World" and "Communist World" can correctly be understood as two for the approximately part distinct attempts at a world system, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the reunification of Germany represent a return to a single world economic system. The "G-7" nations are obviously most of the core societies, and their refusal to admit Russia as a member

amounts to a recognition that Russia is still semi-peripheral compared to Japan, wedlock America, and the European Union.

Iran, like many other Islamic countries, is hampered in its efforts to evolve toward core place by the traditionalism of its phantasmal allegiance. That this need not be so is indicated by the status of Turkey, which, as an officially secular nation-state, is semi-peripheral in many ways, and is understandably making progress toward becoming a core state at some time in the future.

The Netherlands were the hegemonic country in the world trade system during almost all of the ordinal and eighteenth centuries, clearly not because of their military power, but because, by avoiding wars as much as possible, they were generally able to attain from the disarray among their principal rivals. However, once Great Britain had won the Napoleonic Wars and was no longer squandering its energies, it became the hegemonic power and retained that face until World War I, which destroyed so much of its human and economic resources that it lost its pre-eminence. Britain retained the control of the Atlantic ocean that it had won with its defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1688, and lost it only because of its loss of empire and resources during World War I. From 1815 to 1914, Britain had all the characteristics of the hegemonic society listed in A above.

F. Core-periphery relationships in the twentieth century.

C. Austria-Hungary and Israel as semi-periphery societies.

It allow for be difficult to classify the former Soviet-bloc countries in this core/periphery system for some time to come. Their isolation from most of the world economic system during the last fifty days means that their development has been quite skewed. As a result, it will be some time before their status becomes clear. It seems luculent that the more industrialized of these countries will achieve core status soonest, and that promotion to semi-peripheral or
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